Water & Wastewater Laboratory Techniques

Table of Contents

1. Analytical Standards and Reagents

Types of Chemicals

Grades of Chemicals

Storage of Chemicals

Manufacturer-Prepared Stock Solutions and Certification

Reagent Water

2. Analytical and Toploading Balances

Types of Balances

Siting and Environmental Concerns

Calibration of Balances and Certified Weights

Accessories

Operation and Daily Maintenance

3. Laboratory Ware

Types and Characteristics of Glass

Laboratory Glassware Description

Ceramicware Description and Characteristics

Plasticware Description and Characteristics

Metalware Description and Characteristics

4. Volumetric Devices and Use in Measurement

Volumetric Measuring Tools

Proper Use of Volumetric Glassware

Calibration of Nonstandard Measuring Devices

5. Temperature Measurement

Description of Temperature Measuring Devices

Calibration Checking and Maintenance of Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers

6. Preparation of Solutions and Dilutions

Use of Balances and Volumetric Ware

Preparation of Dilutions

Storage of Prepared Solutions

7. Calibrations

Standardization of Solutions

Direct Standardization

Indirect Standardization

Solution Lifetime

Calibration

One-Point Calibrations

Multipoint Graphical Techniques

Multiple Standard Additions

Frequency of Calibration and Calibration Checks

8. Test Procedures

Distillation

Filtration

Gravimetric Determinations

Colorimetric Determinations

Turbidimetric Determinations

Titration

pH and Ion-Selective Electrodes

9. Calculation and Reporting Results

Significant Figures

Calculations

Dry Weight Corrections

Reporting Results

10. Controlling the Test Procedure

The Ability of the Test to Actually Measure the Desired Parameter in the Sample

How Close the Result is to the Actual Amount of Analyte in the Sample

Can the Same Result Be Obtained Repeatedly

What is the Lowest Level of Analyte That Can Be Detected in the Sample

Is the Detected Parameter Actually in the Sample

Batch Analysis